Reactive oxygen species1/11/2024 Exogenous antioxidants act synergistically with the endogenous ones however, it has been described that endogenous defences are more protective. But also there are exogenous or diet-derived antioxidants such as tocopherols, carotenes, ascorbate, and some minerals (e.g., Zn, Mn, Se). They can be endogenously synthesised, which can be enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and the glutathione peroxidase/glutathione reductase system, or non-enzymatic compounds such as peroxiredoxins, ceruloplasmin, ferritin, and albumin. They act by preventing the uncontrolled production of oxidants, intercepting their reactions with biological structures, and repairing the damage caused by oxidative stress. Īntioxidants are natural or synthetic molecules that protect a biological target against oxidative damage. They can have a physiological role since, during inflammation, they are produced by neutrophils and macrophages for the destruction of pathogens however, if the redox homeostasis is disrupted and oxidants are produced at too high levels, they can produce tissue damage and contribute to disseminating the inflammation. Oxidants are compounds generated endogenously as a result of aerobic metabolism in physiological conditions. An unbalance between oxidant production and antioxidants in favour of the former, leading to cellular signalling disruption and chain reactions, is defined as oxidative stress. The balance between the two is tightly regulated, and it is essential for maintaining cellular and biochemical functions. Oxidants and antioxidants are produced by living organisms in their metabolic activity. Ideally, when applied to evaluate a sample’s oxidative status, they should be incorporated in a panel of analytes where other oxidants, antioxidants, and biomarkers of inflammation were also included. The information about the spectrophotometric assays presented in this paper should be interpreted with caution once limited information about them is available yet, and further studies should be performed to clarify what they measure and their clinical application. A particular emphasis about the practical applications of these assays in the dog will be made, but selected information about their use in humans will also be presented for comparative purposes, following a One-Health approach. The chemical basis of four different techniques will be reviewed, and examples of their possible applications will be provided. The objective of this article will be to provide an update about the spectrophotometric methods currently used in the assessment of ROS in serum. Several assays have been developed in the last 30 years for ROS evaluation. In biological systems, an excessive amount of ROS can cause oxidative damage to biological macromolecules being involved in different diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive compounds derived from oxygen.
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